[JH] Deoneun geokjeongma geokjeongma Naman mideobomyeon dwaejana Niga neomu mamae deuleo Nochil su eopneun geol
[ALL] Baby... Naega sumeul meomchul su oh crazy.. Neomu yeppeo gyeondil su oh crazy Neo animyeon pilyo eopda crazy Na wae irae
We wanna go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck (so fantastic) Go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck (so elastic) Fantastic (x4) Elastic (x4)
[ONEW+KEy] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding ([TM] oji neoman deullinda)
[ONEW+KEY] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding ([ONEW] Meorisogae ullinda)
[TM+JH+MH] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding ([KEY]) Nae gaseumae ullinda
[TM+JH+MH] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding
[JH] I call you butterfly Nali gamyeon galsurok Mosi bakhyeo neoran geol Haeyeonal su eopdaneun geol
[ONEW] Break out ([KEY] Hey !) (x4) Ring ding ding ding ding Dong dong dong dong
[JH] Sashil nan bulanhae eotteoke nal boneunji [TM] Eojjeomyeon eojjeomyeon Naega hogameul gatgo itneunji molla [ONEW] Euddorok anjeolbujeol hal subbakae eopseo [JH] Dorikil su eopneun geol
[ONEW] Complicated girl [TM] Jeoltae neo lan daedaphajima [JH] Na gwaenchaneun namjalan geol [TM] Naega michyeobeoriji molla
[KEY] Silly girl (silly girl) [ONEW] You're my miracle (my miracle) [JH] Neoman gajil su itdamyeon Naegaen da pilyo eopneun geol
[ALL] Baby... Naega sumeul meomchul su oh crazy.. Neomu yeppeo gyeondil su oh crazy Neo animyeon pilyoeopda crazy Na wae irae
We wanna go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck (so fantastic) Go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck go luck (so elastic) Fantastic (x4) Elastic (x4)
[ONEW] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding ([TM] oji neoman deullinda)
[ONEW] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding ([ONEW] Meorisogae ullinda)
[TM] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding ([KEY]) Nae gaseumae ullinda)
[TM] Ring ding dong ring ding dong ring diggi ding diggi ding ding ding SHINee - You
eojireoun sigan soge neoreul manna eh amugeotdo al su eopdeon najiman modu himdeuldago phogiharaneun marae hwana no girl, motnan moseubman hangsang boyeojujiman
nothing can’t stop me from loving you you you naega sumeul swinneun geu iyu you you naega norae haneun geu iyu you you naega saraganeun geu iyu you you nothing can’t stop me from loving
urin geureoji maljago sirheodo aphado gyeothe itneundan yaksok geu yaksogeun yeongwon thorok same thing
nothing can’t stop me from loving you you you naega dallyeoganeun geu iyu you you naega chumeul chuneun geu iyu you you naega saraganeun geu iyu you you
years will come and years will go joheun nal nappeun naldo i’m yours ( gippeul ttaedo) i’m yours ( seulpheul ttaedo) i’m yours ( i’m not just saying that) i’m yours (i’m trying to show you)
years will come and years will go eonjengan neugeojyeodo i’m yours (gippeul ttaedo) i’m yours ( seulpheul ttaedo) i’m yours ( i’m not just saying that) i’m yours ( i’m trying to show you, baby)
geureon ireun eopgetjiman ni maeumi byeonhae nal tteonanda haedo na neun neol itji mothanhadaneun geol ara?
cause i love you you you norae haneun iyu it’s you you you nae modeun iyu you you you you you
SHINee - Shinee Girl
What up! Geu nyeo! Wass eo! Nun bu syeo jug eo Take a chance, wait a minute Na bwass eo geu nyeo do nar bwass eo! Nae nun jag a bo I jin anh ji man neor won ha go iss eo Eo jjeo myeon ni nun e naega bo il kka I ppeun geo reo tteoh ge cham a ya ha neun ga
Na man ui sang sang duri la la like (Happy Day) Dan duri luv luv luv (Sunny Day) Nan won hae ppa jyeo nog a SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby oh! My girl) Ba rae talk talk talk (Sexy girl) O never bye bye bye (My luv girl) Da ye ppeo joh a ga jyeo SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby baby girl)
Kkot hyeo mi chyeo ppa jyeo! Nae eor eo but eun mam nog yeo It's a Magic Su manh eun nar jjig eun yeo ja deul Mo du gar a gar a nae gen neo ppun Always Forever
Na man ui sang sang duri la la like (Happy Day) Dan duri luv luv luv (Sunny Day) Nan won hae ppa jyeo nog a SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby oh! My girl) Ba rae talk talk talk (Sexy girl) O never bye bye bye (My luv girl) Da ye ppeo joh a ga jyeo SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby baby girl)
Kiss Kiss Kiss (Let's go) Luv Luv Luv (Let's go) Kiss Kiss Kiss (Let's go) Hot Hot Hot Hot Hot
Look this way nae ge neon starlight (Oh my my luv) Ha nap pun in neo in geor heart to mine Meon jeo da ga ga seo mal hae Nae ge neon sunlight (Oh my my girl) A I go gi na gin na e ge do ba raem neo e ge do ba raem Go!
Yeah! Yeah! Yeah! (Baby girl) Wan jeon na ppeun Girl (Sexy Girl) Heung kki ri kki ri kik kig kki ri kki ri Hope (Baby baby baby girl) Yeah! Yeah! Yeah! (Baby girl) Tto ha ru ha ru ha ru God! Her! (My love girl) Nanwon hae ppa jyeo nog a SHINee girl (I want U, I need U, my love is true)
Na man ui sang sang duri la la like (Happy Day) Dan duri luv luv luv (Sunny Day) Nan won hae ppa jyeo nog a SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby oh! My girl) Ba rae talk talk talk (Sexy girl) O never bye bye bye (My luv girl) Da ye ppeo joh a ga jyeo SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby baby girl)
Na man ui sang sang duri la la like (Happy Day) Dan duri luv luv luv (Sunny Day) Nan won hae ppa jyeo nog a SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby oh! My girl) Ba rae talk talk talk (Sexy girl) O never bye bye bye (My luv girl) Da ye ppeo joh a ga jyeo SHI. SHINee girl (Baby baby baby girl)
SHINee - Jojo
I know that I gotta get over you, thats right, thats right…geobwa geunyeol jom bwa, najjeumiya itneun geon swipdagomitgo sipji anha oh~ ah~ jami oji annneun bammeori apeun i jisi neomu jigyeowomureup kkurko, gaseumchigo, ureobwado, do an doeneun geon an doeniJoJo! seulpeun eumagi heureul ttae neol saenggakhae (eh eh eh)JoJo! janinhan neoneun wae jiwojiji annnyago (oh oh oh)Hey, My JoJo. Love, yes JoJoStay! mwol jalmotaenni I, I was blindHey, My JoJo. Love, yes JoJoStay! du nune barphyeo I, I was blindSo many nights I wonder whyWhat can I do to make it rightEverything will be alrightso Jo Jo just tell me whyulgo sipjin anha oh~ ah~ gipi halkwieo beorin mammeori apeun i jisi neomu jigyeowochwihaebwado geu chwihan sogeul biwobwado, do an doeneun geon andoeniJoJo! isseun eumagi meomchul ttae neol bonaellae (eh eh eh)JoJo janinhan neoneun wae jiwojiji annnyago (oh oh oh)Hey, My JoJo. Love, yes JoJomwol jalmotaenni I, I was blindHey, My JoJo. Love, yes JoJoStay! nan moreugesseo aa ajikdoBaby- JoJo neon ani, irido chagaun Heart!Baby Baby wae ganni, ulda jichyeo kkaeneun kkumJoJo! seulpeun eumagi heureul ttae neol saenggakhae (eh eh eh)JoJo! janinhan neoneun wae jiwojiji annnyagoJoJo! i sseun eumagi meomchul ttae neol bonaellae (eh eh eh)JoJo janinhan neoneun wae jiwojiji annni, annnyago (oh oh oh)Hey, My JoJo. Love, yes JoJoStay! mwol jalmotaenni I, I was blindHey, My JoJo. Love, yes JoJoStay! du nune barphyeo I, I was blind SHINee - The Name I Loved soni siryeowa sarangui gieogi chagapge dagawaaryeoonda ijeneun deo isang neoreul bujeonghago sipji anheun nareul algo itjimangakkai inneun neol saranghal su eomneungeol algo itgienal barabol su eomneun neol gidarimi neomu himdeureoijen gyeondil su eobseo irwojil su eopgienaega saranghaetdeon geu ireumbulleoboryeo nagalsurok neomu meoreojyeotdeongeu ireum ijen jeogeonoko na ulmeogyeonae ane sumgo sipeojyeoneol saranghal subakke eobseotdeongeu nareul ijen arajwoyoirul su eomneun sarangdo saranginikkahonja hal su eomneun sarangiran neukkimeun naege dagawasijak hal su do eomneun geuriumdeureun keojyeoman gagosirin gaseum han kyeonen neoui hyanggiman namanaega saranghaetdeon geu ireumbulleoboryeo nagalsurok neomu meoreojyeotdeongeu ireum ijen jeogeonoko na ulmeogyeonae ane sumgo sipeojyeoneol saranghal subakke eobseotdeogeu nareul ijen arajwoyoirul su eomneun sarangdo saranginikkasucheon beoneul dorikyeo cheoeumui naro gan sunganegaseum han guseoge da asagal ne moseubin geolnaega saranghaetdeon geu ireumbulleoboryeo nagalsurok neomu meoreojyeotdeongeu ireum ijen jeogeonoko na ulmeogyeonae ane sumgo sipeojyeoneol saranghal subakke eobseotdeongeu nareul ijen arajwoyoirul su eomneun sarangdo saranginikkairul su eomneun sarangdo saranginikka
iDeneb From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Screenshot of iDeneb 10.5.7, based on Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard".
iDeneb is a modified Mac OS X Leopard release developed by Layne and the iHackintosh Team to run on non-Apple computers. This universal release can run on both Intel and AMD based machines thanks to the development of the Voodoo kernel. The current version, iDeneb v1.6 Lite 10.5.8, boasts support for Netbook computers, the Chameleon v2 bootloader, and additional driver support.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia FIFO and LIFO accounting Methods are means of managing inventory and financial matters involving the money a company ties up within inventory of produced goods, raw materials, parts, components, or feed stocks. FIFO stands for first-in, first-out, meaning that the oldest inventory items are recorded as sold first. LIFO stands for last-in, first-out, meaning that the most recently purchased items are recorded as sold first. Since the 1970s, U.S. companies have tended to use LIFO, which reduces their income taxes in times of inflation.
LIFO accounting LIFO is an acronym for "last in, first out." (Sometimes the term FILO ("first in, last out") is used synonymously.) In LIFO accounting, a historical method of recording the value of inventory, a firm records the last units purchased as the first units sold. LIFO accounting is in contrast to the method FIFO accounting covered below. Since prices generally rise over time because of inflation, this method records the sale of the most expensive inventory first and thereby decreases profit and reduces taxes. However, this method rarely reflects the physical flow of indistinguishable items. LIFO valuation is permitted in the belief that an ongoing business does not realize an economic profit solely from inflation. When prices are increasing, they must replace inventory currently being sold with higher priced goods. LIFO better matches current cost against current revenue. It also defers paying taxes on phantom income arising solely from inflation. LIFO is attractive to business in that it delays a major detrimental effect of inflation, namely higher taxes. However, in a very long run, both methods converge. “Last in first out” (LIFO) is not acceptable in the IFRS. FIFO accounting FIFO accounting is a common method for recording the value of inventory. It is appropriate where there are many different batches of similar products. The method presumes that the next item to be shipped will be the oldest of that type in the warehouse. In practice, this usually reflects the underlying commercial substance of the transaction, since many companies rotate their inventory (especially of perishable goods). This is still not in contrast to LIFO because FIFO and LIFO are cost flow assumptions not product flow assumptions. LIFO is based on an irrational assumption that inventories entering last in stores are issued/consumed first. In an economy of rising prices (during inflation), it is common for beginning companies to use FIFO for reporting the value of merchandise to bolster their balance sheet. As the older and cheaper goods are sold, the newer and more expensive goods remain as assets on the company's books. Having the higher valued inventory and the lower cost of goods sold on the company's financial statements may increase the chances of getting a loan. However, as it prospers the company may switch to LIFO to reduce the amount of taxes it pays to the government. LIFO liquidation Notwithstanding its deferred tax advantage, a LIFO inventory system can lead to LIFO liquidation, a situation where in the absence of new replacement inventory or a search for increased profits, older inventory is increasingly liquidated (or sold). If prices have been rising, for example through inflation, this older inventory will have a lower cost, and its liquidation will lead to the recognition of higher net income and the payment of higher taxes, thus reversing the deferred tax advantage that initially encouraged the adoption of a LIFO system. Some companies who use LIFO have decades-old inventory recorded on their books at a very low cost. For these companies a LIFO liquidation would result in an inflated net income and higher tax payments. This situation is usually undesirable; on rare occasions a company in financial stress could abuse this method to temporarily increase income. [edit] See also • Average costing [edit] Example of FIFO vs LIFO accounting Suppose we have to value 120 items of our stock today (June 2009), and that they were purchased at 3 different dates and 3 different prices: Date Quantity Unitary Price (USD) March 2009 50 10 April 2009 55 11 May 2009 15 12 The FIFO price starts with the oldest one. Since we have to calculate 120 items, we consider that the first 50 have a unitary value of 10 USD, (the oldest price); the next 55 will have a unitary value of 11 USD, and the remaining 15 (120-50-55) will have a unitary value of 12 USD.
Therefore, the FIFO price is 10.71 USD:
The LIFO price starts with the most recent one. Since we have to calculate 120 items, we consider that the first 52 have a unitary value of 12 USD, (the most recent price); the next 55 will have a unitary value of 11 USD, and the remaining 13 (120-52-55) will have a unitary value of 10 USD.
Therefore, the LIFO price is 11.33 USD:
As we can see, in normal economic conditions (i.e. in presence of inflation) the LIFO price is bigger than the FIFO. Indeed, the FIFO price undervalues the price of the liabilities (the 120 items in the example), and since these are smaller the FIFO price overvalues the remaining stock. On the contrary, the LIFO price undervalues the current stock because it overprices the liabilities.
This article is about FIFOs in computing and electronic design. For the term in accounting, see FIFO and LIFO accounting.
FIFOis an acronym for First In, First Out, an abstraction in ways of organizing and manipulation of data relative to time and prioritization. This expression describes the principle of a queue processing technique or servicing conflicting demands by ordering process by first-come, first-served (FCFS) behaviour: what comes in first is handled first, what comes in next waits until the first is finished, etc.
Thus it is analogous to the behaviour of persons queueing (or "standing in line", in common American parlance), where the persons leave the queue in the order they arrive, or waiting one's turn at a traffic control signal. FCFS is also the shorthand name (see Jargon and acronym) for the FIFO operating system scheduling algorithm, which gives every process CPU time in the order they come. In the broader sense, the abstraction LIFO, or Last-In-First-Out is the opposite of the abstraction FIFO organization, the difference perhaps is clearest with considering the less commonly used synonym of LIFO, FILO—meaning First-In-Last-Out. In essence, both are specific cases of a more generalized list (which could be accessed anywhere). The difference is not in the list (data), but in the rules for accessing the content. One sub-type adds to one end, and takes off from the other, its opposite takes and puts things only on one end.[1]
A priority queue is a variation on the queue which does not qualify for the name FIFO, because it is not accurately descriptive of that data structure's behavior. Queueing theory encompasses the more general concept of queue, as well as interactions between strict-FIFO queues.
Computer science
Data structure
In computer science this term refers to the way data stored in a queue is processed. Each item in the queue is stored in a queue (simpliciter) data structure. The first data to be added to the queue will be the first data to be removed, then processing proceeds sequentially in the same order. This is typical behavior for a queue, but see also the LIFO and stack algorithms.
A typical data structure will look like
struct fifo_node
{
struct fifo_node *next;
value_type value;
};
class fifo
{
fifo_node *front;
fifo_node *back;
fifo_node *dequeue(void)
{
fifo_node *tmp = front;
front = front->next;
return tmp;
}
queue(value)
{
fifo_node *tempNode = new fifo_node;
tempNode->value = value;
back->next = tempNode;
back = tempNode;
}
};
(For information on the abstract data structure, see Queue. For details of a common implementation, see Circular buffer.)
Popular Unix systems include a sys/queue.h C/C++ header file which provides macros usable by applications which need to create FIFO queues.
]Head or tail first
Authors and users of FIFO queue software should consider carefully the use of the terms "head" and "tail" to refer to the two ends of the queue. To many people, items should enter a queue at the tail, remain in the queue until they reach the head and leave the queue from there. This point of view is justified by analogy with queues of people waiting for some kind of service and parallels the use of "front" and "back" in the above example. Other people, however, believe that you enter a queue at the head and leave at the tail, in the manner of food passing through a snake. Queues written in that way appear in places that might be considered authoritative, such as the GNU/Linux operating system.
Disk controllers can use the FIFO as a disk scheduling algorithm to determine the order to service disk I/O requests.
Communications and networking
Communications bridges, switches and routers used in Computer networks use FIFOs to hold data packets in route to their next destination. Typically at least one FIFO structure is used per network connection. Some devices feature multiple FIFOs for simultaneously and independently queuing different types of information.
Electronics
FIFOs are used commonly in electronic circuits for buffering and flow control which is from hardware to software. In hardware form a FIFO primarily consists of a set of read and write pointers, storage and control logic. Storage may be SRAM, flip-flops, latches or any other suitable form of storage. For FIFOs of non-trivial size a dual-port SRAM is usually used where one port is used for writing and the other is used for reading.
A synchronous FIFO is a FIFO where the same clock is used for both reading and writing. An asynchronous FIFO uses different clocks for reading and writing. Asynchronous FIFOs introduce metastability issues. A common implementation of an asynchronous FIFO uses a Gray code (or any unit distance code) for the read and write pointers to ensure reliable flag generation. One further note concerning flag generation is that one must necessarily use pointer arithmetic to generate flags for asynchronous FIFO implementations. Conversely, one may use either a "leaky bucket" approach or pointer arithmetic to generate flags in synchronous FIFO implementations.
Examples of FIFO status flags include: full, empty, almost full, almost empty, etc...
The first known FIFO implemented in electronics was done by Peter Alfke in 1969 at Fairchild Semiconductors. Peter Alfke is now a Director at Xilinx.
FIFO full/empty
In hardware FIFO is used for synchronization purposes. It is often implemented as a circular queue, and thus has two pointers:
Read Pointer/Read Address Register
Write Pointer/Write Address Register
Read and write addresses are initially both at the first memory location and the FIFO queue is Empty.
FIFO Empty
When read address register reaches to write address register, the FIFO triggers the Empty signal.
FIFO FULL
When write address register reaches to read address register, the FIFO triggers the FULL signal.
^Kruse, Robert L. (1987). Data Structures & Program Design (second edition). Joan L. Stone, Kenny Beck, Ed O'Dougherty (production process staff workers) (second (hc) textbook ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632: Prentice-Hall, Inc. div. of Simon & Schuster. pp. 150. ISBN ISBN 0-13-195884-4. ""The definition of a finite sequence immediately makes it possible for us to attempt a definition of a list: A 'list' of terms of type T is simply a finite sequence of elements of the set T. ... The only difference among stacks and queues and more general lists is the operations by which changes or accesses can be made to the list.""
The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoftoperating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:
The history of Windows dates back to September 1981, when the project named "Interface Manager" was started. It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[3] The shell of Windows 1.0 was a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Other supplied programs are Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal, and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows, due to Apple Computer owning this feature[citation needed]. Instead all windows are tiled. Only dialog boxes can appear over other windows.
Windows 2.0 was released in October 1987 and featured several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[3] Windows 2.0 allowed application windows to overlap each other and also introduced more sophisticated keyboard-shortcuts. It could also make use of expanded memory.
Windows 2.1 was released in two different flavors: Windows/386 employed the 386virtual 8086 mode to multitask several DOS programs, and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286 (which, despite its name, would run on the 8086) still ran in real mode, but could make use of the high memory area.
The early versions of Windows were often thought of as simply graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[4] However, even the earliest 16-bit Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound) for applications. Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allowed it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources were swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce, and data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control, typically waiting for user input.[citation needed]
Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) which allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.[citation needed] Also, Windows applications could now run in protected mode (when Windows was running in Standard or 386 Enhanced Mode), which gave them access to several megabytes of memory and removed the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They still ran inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provided a degree of protection, and multi-tasked cooperatively. For Windows 3.0, Microsoft also rewrote critical operations from C into assembly, making this release faster and less memory-hungry than its predecessors.[citation needed] With the introduction of the Windows for Workgroups 3.11, Windows was able to bypass DOS for file management operations using 32-bit file access.[citation needed]
Windows 95 was released in 1995, featuring a new user interface, supported long file names of up to 250 characters, could automatically detect and configure installed hardware (plug and play), natively ran 32-bit applications, and featured several technological improvements that increased its stability over Windows 3.1. Windows 95 uses pre-emptive multitasking and runs each 32-bit application in a separate address space. This makes it harder for a single buggy application to crash the whole system. It was still not a secure multi-user operating system like Windows NT as a strict separation between applications was not enforced by the kernel. The API was a subset of the Win32 API supported by Windows NT, notably lacking support for Unicode and functions related to security. Windows 95 was now bundled together with MS-DOS 7.0, however its role was mostly delegated to that of a boot loader.
There were several releases of Windows 95; the first in 1995, with Service Pack 1 following in December which included Internet Explorer 2.0. Subsequent versions were only available with the purchase of a new computer and were called OEM Service Releases. OSR1 was equivalent to Windows 95 with SP1. OSR2 (also called Windows 95 B) included support for FAT32 and UDMA and shipped with Internet Explorer 3. OSR 2.1 included basic support for USB and OSR 2.5 (also called Windows 95C) shipped with Internet Explorer 4.0.
Microsoft's next release was Windows 98 in 1998. Microsoft released a second version of Windows 98 in 1999, named Windows 98 Second Edition (often shortened to Windows 98 SE).
In 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Me standing for Millennium Edition), which used the same core as Windows 98 but adopted some aspects of Windows 2000 and removed the "boot in DOS mode" option. It also added a new feature called System Restore, allowing the user to set the computer's settings back to an earlier date.
The NT family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher reliability business use. The first release was MS Windows NT 3.1 (1993), numbered "3.1" to match the consumer Windows version, which was followed by NT 3.5 (1994), NT 3.51 (1995), NT 4.0 (1996), and Windows 2000 (2000). 2000 is the last NT-based Windows release which does not include Microsoft Product Activation. NT 4.0 was the first in this line to implement the "Windows 95" user interface (and the first to include Windows 95’s built-in 32-bit runtimes). Microsoft then moved to combine their consumer and business operating systems with Windows XP, coming in both home and professional versions (and later niche market versions for tablet PCs and media centers); they also diverged release schedules for server operating systems. Windows Server 2003, released a year and a half after Windows XP, brought Windows Server up to date with MS Windows XP. After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released toward the end of 2006, and its server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008. On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to manufacturing). Microsoft plans to release Windows 7 in late October 2009.
Windows CE, Microsoft’s offering in the mobile and embedded markets, is also a true 32-bit operating system that offers various services for all sub-operating workstations.
64-bit operating systems
Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 variously supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, some of which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.
With the introduction of the IntelItanium architecture, which is referred to as IA-64, Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and x64 versions of Windows Server 2003 to support the x86-64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. Windows Vista is the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft has released simultaneously in x86 and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises AMD64/Intel64 versions of Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008, in both Itanium and x64 editions. Windows Server 2008 R2 drops the 32-bit version, although Windows 7 does not.
Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems, and uncommonly mobile phones. Windows Embedded runs as CE, rather than NT, which is why it should not be mistaken for Windows XP Embedded, which is NT. Windows CE was used in the SegaDreamcast along with Sega's own proprietary OS for the console.
Microsoft has taken two parallel routes in its operating systems. One route has been for the home user and the other has been for the professional IT user. The dual routes have generally led to home versions having greater multimedia support and less functionality in networking and security, and professional versions having inferior multimedia support and better networking and security.[citation needed]
The first version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released in November 1985, lacked a degree of functionality and achieved little popularity, and was to compete with Apple’s own operating system.[citation needed] Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. Microsoft Windows version 2.0 was released in November, 1987 and was slightly more popular than its predecessor. Windows 2.03 (release date January 1988) had changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.[9][10]
Microsoft Windows version 3.0, released in 1990, was the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[11][12] It featured improvements to the user interface and to multitasking capabilities. It received a facelift in Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992. Windows 3.1 support ended on December 31, 2001.[13]
In July 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT based on a new kernel. NT was considered to be the professional OS and was the first Windows version to utilize preemptive multitasking.[citation needed]. Windows NT would later be retooled to also function as a home operating system, with Windows XP.
On August 24, 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new, and major, consumer version that made further changes to the user interface, and also used preemptive multitasking. Windows 95 was designed to replace not only Windows 3.1, but also Windows for Workgroups, and MS-DOS. It was also the first Windows operating system to use Plug and Play capabilities. The changes Windows 95 brought to the desktop were revolutionary, as opposed to evolutionary, such as those in Windows 98 and Windows Me. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000 and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[14]
The next in the consumer line was Microsoft Windows 98 released on June 25, 1998. It was substantially criticized for its slowness and for its unreliability compared with Windows 95, but many of its basic problems were later rectified with the release of Windows 98 Second Edition in 1999.[citation needed] Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002 and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[15]
As part of its "professional" line, Microsoft released Windows 2000 in February 2000. The consumer version following Windows 98 was Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition). Released in September 2000, Windows Me implemented a number of new technologies for Microsoft: most notably publicized was "Universal Plug and Play". During 2004 part of the Source Code for Windows 2000 was leaked onto the internet. This was bad for Microsoft as the same kernel used in Windows 2000 was used in Windows XP.
In October 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, a version built on the Windows NT kernel that also retained the consumer-oriented usability of Windows 95 and its successors. This new version was widely praised in computer magazines.[16] It shipped in two distinct editions, "Home" and "Professional", the former lacking many of the superior security and networking features of the Professional edition. Additionally, the first "Media Center" edition was released in 2002,[17] with an emphasis on support for DVD and TV functionality including program recording and a remote control. Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support will continue until April 8, 2014.[18]
In April 2003, Windows Server 2003 was introduced, replacing the Windows 2000 line of server products with a number of new features and a strong focus on security; this was followed in December 2005 by Windows Server 2003 R2.
Security has been a hot topic with Windows for many years, and even Microsoft itself has been the victim of security breaches.[citation needed] Consumer versions of Windows were originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset.[21][22][23]
Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, but were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[24]
These design issues combined with flawed code (such as buffer overflows) and the popularity of Windows means that it is a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers. In June 2005, Bruce Schneier’s Counterpane Internet Security reported that it had seen over 1,000 new viruses and worms in the previous six months.[25]
Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[26] In Windows 2000 (SP3 and later), Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, updates can be automatically downloaded and installed if the user selects to do so. As a result, Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, as well as Service Pack 1 for Windows Server 2003, were installed by users more quickly than it otherwise might have been.[27]
Windows File Permissions
All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGLP (Accounts, Global, Local, Permissions) AGDLP which in essence where file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a 'local group' which then has other 'global groups' as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the 'static' allocation of permission being applied directory to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.
Windows Defender
On January 6, 2005, Microsoft released a Beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released Giant AntiSpyware. On February 14, 2006, Microsoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with the release of Beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Windows Vista and 7.[28]
Third-party analysis
In an article based on a report by Symantec,[29] internetnews.com has described Microsoft Windows as having the "fewest number of patches and the shortest average patch development time of the five operating systems it monitored in the last six months of 2006."[30] Furthermore the number of vulnerabilities found in Windows has significantly increased— Windows: 12+, Red Hat + Fedora: 2, Mac OS X: 1, HP-UX: 2, Solaris: 1.
A study conducted by Kevin Mitnick and marketing communications firm Avantgarde in 2004 found that an unprotected and unpatched Windows XP system with Service Pack 1 lasted only 4 minutes on the Internet before it was compromised, and an unprotected and also unpatched Windows Server 2003 system was compromised after being connected to the internet for 8 hours.[31] However, it is important to note that this study does not apply to Windows XP systems running the Service Pack 2 update (released in late 2004), which vastly improved the security of Windows XP.[citation needed] The computer that was running Windows XP Service Pack 2 was not compromised. The AOL National Cyber Security Alliance Online Safety Study of October 2004 determined that 80% of Windows users were infected by at least one spyware/adware product.[32] Much documentation is available describing how to increase the security of Microsoft Windows products. Typical suggestions include deploying Microsoft Windows behind a hardware or software firewall, running anti-virus and anti-spyware software, and installing patches as they become available through Windows Update.[citation needed]
Microsoft has stopped releasing updates and hotfixes for many old Windows operating systems, including all versions of Windows 9x,[33] and earlier versions of Windows NT. Windows versions prior to Windows 2000 are no longer supported. No new updates are created for unsupported versions of Windows.
Emulation software
Emulation allows the use of some Windows applications without using Microsoft Windows. These include:
Wine — a free and open source software implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including Linux and Mac OS X. Wine developers refer to it as a "compatibility layer";[34] and make use of Windows-style APIs to emulate the Windows environment.
CrossOver — A Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine, and focus on Wine running officially supported applications.
Cedega — TransGaming Technologies' proprietary fork of Wine, designed specifically for running games written for Microsoft Windows under Linux. A version of Cedega known as Cider is used by some video game publishers to allow Windows games to run on Mac OS X. Since wine was licensed under the LGPL Cedega has been unable to port the improvements made to wine to their proprietary codebase.
ReactOS — An open-source OS that is intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows XP compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.
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